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Coprophilia Fecal or defecation-related sexual pleasure is a rare and controversial sexual preference. This report, based on multiple sources, explores in detail its definition, practices, and the reasons why men and women may find it appealing, and analyzes the current state of research on this topic.

Background and Definition

Coprophilia, derived from the Greek words "kopros" (feces) and "philia" (love), is defined as a paraphilia, referring to the sexual pleasure an individual derives from feces or defecation. According to psychological and medical sources (such as Wikipedia and Merriam-Webster), it includes deriving sexual arousal from seeing, smelling, or touching feces, or fantasizing about others performing these actions. In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), coprophilia is classified as "Other Specified Paraphilia Disorder" (302.9 – Paraphilia, NOS), and may be diagnosed as a disorder if the behavior causes significant distress or functional impairment (such as social or occupational problems).

Research shows that Coprophilia is associated with other sexual preferences (such as sadomasochism) and may involve elements of shaming, taboo, or power dynamics. Sources include:

Practice

The practice of Coprophilia varies from person to person and involves a variety of behaviors. According to Simple English Wikipedia and PubMed, these behaviors include:

Visual and olfactory stimulationIndividuals may derive pleasure from watching others defecate or smelling the odor of feces.
tactile contactThis may include touching feces with your hands or smearing feces on your body during sexual intercourse, such as "Cleveland steamer" (defecation on a partner's chest) or "Dirty Sanchez" (smearing feces on a partner's upper lip).
fantasyMany people may not directly participate in the act, but rather obtain sexual pleasure by fantasizing about others performing these acts.
extreme behaviorA small number of people may be involved in coprophagia (eating feces), but this is considered extremely rare and dangerous. Data shows that coprophagia can lead to health problems such as hepatitis, infections, or HIV/AIDS, especially in individuals with weakened immune systems.

These behaviors may be related to BDSM culture; for example, in the handkerchief code, a brown handkerchief represents coprophilia, with the left handkerchief indicating the active role and the right hand indicating the passive role. (Source: [Original Source Information Missing])

The following is a summary table of the practical methods:

Behavioral types	describe	Risks/Notes
Visual/olfactory stimulation	Looking at or smelling feces	Lower risk, psychological factors play a dominant role
tactile contact	Touching or smearing feces is beneficial to the body	There may be hygiene risks; please pay attention to cleaning.
fantasy	Fantasizing about others performing related behaviors	There is no direct physical risk; the risk is psychological.
Coprophagia (edible)	eating feces	High risk, may lead to health problems such as hepatitis and infections.

Why men might like Coprophilia

Current research on the psychological causes of Coprophilia is limited, with most explanations based on theory rather than empirical data. The following are possible psychological reasons:

Freud's analytical theorySigmund Freud proposed that Coprophilia may be related to the "anal stage" of childhood. During this stage, children are interested in defecation and may perceive it as a source of control and power. If children fail to resolve defecation-related conflicts (power struggles in toilet training) during this stage, it may lead to fecal sexuality in adulthood. Encyclopedia.com states, "Conflicts in the anal stage are considered to influence how adults handle authority and ownership, and Coprophilia may be related to this."
The allure of taboo and humiliationSome people may be drawn to the taboo nature of Coprophilia. Since feces are considered dirty and taboo in society, the pleasure derived from them may be associated with a desire to break social norms or challenge taboos. Dr. Mark Griffiths's article suggests that Coprophilia may be related to sadomasochism, involving elements of humiliation or domination.
Psychological regressionSome psychologists believe that Coprophilia may be a psychological regression, where individuals emotionally or psychologically revert to childhood, when feces were not seen as dirty but as part of the body. PMC data mentions that Freud believed "children do not feel aversion to feces, but rather see it as part of their body," which may influence sexual preferences in adulthood.
Biological and evolutionary factorsAlthough research is limited, some scholars believe that coprophilia may be related to coprophagia, a behavior that emerged in certain animals during their evolution, such as rabbits consuming their own feces for nutrition. However, there is no direct evidence to support this explanation for coprophilia in humans.

These theories lack empirical support, with research primarily focused on case reports and a limited number of surveys, such as the case of 18% among Finnish male sadomasochists who engaged in coprophilic behavior (Journal of Sex Research). Source:

Why women might like Coprophilia

Current research has not found significant psychological differences in Coprophilia between men and women, therefore the possible reasons for women's Coprophilia may be similar to those for men. The following are possible explanations:

The same psychological causes as menFreud's analytical theory did not differentiate between genders, so anal stage conflicts in childhood may also apply to women. SexInfo Online suggests that the roots of Coprophilia may be related to a "neutral or positive attitude" towards feces in childhood.
Social and cultural factorsWomen in some cultures may be less likely to openly discuss or acknowledge their sexual preferences, which could lead to an underestimation of female coprophilia cases. However, this does not mean that women are less interested in it.
Power dynamicsIn some cases, women may derive a sense of control or dominance from Coprophilia, especially within a sadomasochistic context. For example, some women may enjoy playing a dominant role in sexual activity, asserting power by defecating on others.
Emotional and psychological needsLike men, women can also develop Coprophilia due to childhood experiences, psychological trauma, or unresolved conflicts. This may be related to a need for attention, care, or control.

Current Status and Limitations of Research

Coprophilia is a highly sensitive and taboo subject, with limited research data. Most research focuses on case reports and literature reviews; for example, a 2023 PubMed literature review noted only a few case reports and limited studies, with inconsistent effectiveness of treatment options (such as cognitive behavioral therapy and pharmacological therapy). Future research needs to explore psychological and biological factors to understand its causes and treatments.

Gender differencesExisting research has not provided sufficient evidence to explain how men's and women's interest in Coprophilia differs, and the two sexes may share similar psychological causes.
Research ChallengesDue to the sensitivity and rarity of Coprophilia, researchers have difficulty obtaining sufficient samples for large-scale studies, and therefore, our understanding of its psychological causes remains in its early stages.

in conclusion

Coprophilia is a complex and rare sexual preference whose psychological causes are not fully understood. Freud's theories offer possible explanations, but lack empirical support. Men and women may develop this interest for similar reasons, such as childhood experiences, psychological regression, and attraction to taboos, but research into gender differences remains to be explored. Because this is a highly sensitive and socially taboo subject, future research needs to delve deeper into its psychological and biological basis to help individuals who suffer from this preference.

Further reading: