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Tattoo
Tattoo(English:tattooTattooing (or tattooing) refers to the art of implanting insoluble pigments into the dermis of the skin using needles to create permanent or semi-permanent patterns, words, or symbols. In Chinese-speaking regions, it is also commonly referred to as "刺青" (cìqīng), "文身" (wénshēn), "纹纹" (wénwén), or "打青" (dǎqīng), with "纹纹" being the most common and neutral term.
Table of contents
Types of tattoos
- Traditional hand cardsPurely handmade needles and ink, each needle and thread is tapped into the skin, resulting in the strongest pain sensation and bold yet spirited lines (Japanese, Thai, and indigenous styles).
- Machine tattooElectric tattoo machines offer high speed and precision, catering to modern designs, realistic portraits, and the mainstream of the New School style.
- semi-permanent tattoo:
- Korean-style microblading, eyeliner, and lip tinting (pigment only reaches the epidermis, fades in 2-5 years).
- Jelly lips, glossy lips
- Temporary tattooStickers, henna, juice tattoos (disappear in days to weeks)
- Medical tattoosAreola reconstruction, scar coverage, scalp micropigmentation (SMP wig effect)
The basic process of tattooing (from consultation to completion)
- 1. Choose a design → 2. Consult with the craftsman → 3. Draw/revise the design → 4. Disinfect the skin → 5. Transfer the design → 6. Apply the base coat → 7. Apply color → 8. Finish with stitches → 9. Care (cling film + ointment)
Popular Style Ranking
- Old School – Roses, anchors, and swallows are making a retro comeback.
- Realism – Pets, Family Members, Idols
- Minimal/Fine Lines – Fresh and Simple, Coordinates, Dates
- Watercolor/Ink Splash – Gradual Color Layers Resembling Painting
- Japanese Irezumi style – Full body tattoo, large back illustration
- Geometric/Dotwork – Mandalas, Sacred Geometry
- Neo-Traditional – Bold lines + vibrant color blocks
Common locations and pain levels (1–10 points)
- 10 points: Ribs, soles of feet, behind knees, nipples
- 8–9 points: Inner wrist, clavicle, spine
- 6–7 points: outer arm, outer thigh
- 4–5 points: forearm, shoulder, hip
- 1–3 points: outer upper arm, front of thigh
Latest technology
- Painless tattoo gun (low frequency + anesthetic patch, pain reduced by 50%)
- Plant-based environmentally friendly pigments (allergy rate reduced to below 1%)
- UV black light tattoo (invisible under normal lighting, glows under club lights)
- Erasable tattoos (complete removal with new ink + 5 laser treatments)
The golden 72 hours for tattoo care
- First 3 hours: Wrap with plastic wrap
- Days 1-3: Wash twice daily (with neutral dish soap) + apply a thin layer of ointment (Bepanthen, tattoo-specific).
- Days 4–14: Switch to fragrance-free lotion, twice a day, morning and evening.
- Within one month: Sunscreen + No hot springs + No scratching
"Isesaki" is a general term for traditional Japanese full-body tattoos (wabori).
It is not a single style, but a collective term encompassing all traditional Japanese totems and techniques from the Edo period to the present.
Five key characteristics of Isesaki (recognizable at a glance)
- The background must be filled.Waves, clouds, wind, flames, and water flow—leaving no blank spaces.
- Thematic storytellingA complete story must be told in one piece of writing (e.g., "Water Margin", "The Loyal Minister", "Dragon and Tiger Fight").
- Dynamic linesThe lines vary greatly in thickness, and the figures' clothes come alive with the undulations of their muscles.
- Seasonal ColorsCherry blossoms = spring, red leaves = autumn, snow = winter; colors represent time.
- Body contour designThe tattoo artist will "tailor-make" the design based on your muscle lines, so it's completely invisible when you're dressed, but it explodes when you take your clothes off.
7 classic themes
| Ranking | theme | Representative totem | Symbolic meaning | Average price (full back panel) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | dragon | Rising Dragon/Descending Dragon + Sea of Clouds + Waves | Power, domineering presence, career luck | Starting from 800,000 |
| 2 | Guanyin/Acala | Guanyin seated on a lotus, and the Wisdom King holding a sword amidst flames. | The balance between compassion and anger | Starting from 1 million |
| 3 | Carp leaping over the dragon gate | Red/Black Carp + Waterfall + Maple Leaves | Going against the current and successfully turning the tide | Starting from 700,000 |
| 4 | Oniwakamaru / Benkei | Samurai draws sword + Hannya mask | Loyalty and Revenge | Starting from 900,000 |
| 5 | Flower Notes Series | Cherry blossoms + autumn leaves + moon + pine and bamboo | The cycle of the four seasons | Starting from 750,000 |
| 6 | Phoenix + Peony | Phoenix in flight + Blooming peonies | Rebirth, Wealth, Female Power | Starting from 850,000 |
| 7 | Prajna+Sakura Fukiyuki | The Crying and Laughing Hannya Mask + Cherry Blossoms Everywhere | Impermanence, let go of attachments | Starting from 1.2 million (most difficult to book) |
Authentic Japanese hand-held knuckle duster vs. machine-made knuckle duster (what are the differences?)
| project | Traditional hand knuckle duster (Tebori) | Machine tattoo |
|---|---|---|
| tool | 30–50 needles tied to bamboo sticks | electric tattoo machine |
| pain | Dull pain, like being hit, with a strong aftereffect. | Sharp pain, ends relatively quickly |
| line | The thickness varies naturally and has a breathable feel. | Extremely fine and uniform |
| color | The soft, blended effect remains vibrant even after 10 years. | Initially bright, but easily faded. |
| Time | The entire back needs to be covered for 3–5 years (2 hours per week). | 6–12 months |
| price | 3–5 times the machine | Relatively cheap |
The world's top chef, Isesaki (bookings require at least 2-5 years).
- Third Generation Sculptor (Tokyo) → The First Person of Hannya and Kannon
- Horitoshi I (Yokohama) → Four generations of family business
- Horiyoshi III (deceased, but his disciples and grand-disciples have taken over)
- Taiwan: Chen Yan (Taipei) → Taiwan's master craftsman closest to Japanese tradition
- Hong Kong: Dragon Boy (Kowloon) → Back Dragon King Specialist
The ultimate guide to tattoo maintenance in Isesaki (completely different from regular tattoos)
- For the first 3 days: rice paper + Vaseline (Japanese tradition, no need for plastic wrap)
- Days 4–30: Wash daily with warm tea water (to remove blood plasma), and apply a thin layer of white medicine.
- Within one month: No sun exposure, no hot springs, and no tight-fitting clothing.
- 10 years later: Return to the master for touch-up once a year (free of charge).
Tattoo ink migration and cancer risk: A scientific interpretation of a study by the University of Southern Denmark and the University of Helsinki, Finland.
The findings are based on real scientific evidence from a paper published in the journal *BMC Public Health* on January 15, 2025.
"Tattoo ink exposure is associated with lymphoma and skin cancers – a Danish study of twins".
This was done by DenmarkUniversity of Southern DenmarkLed by the Department of Public Health and Clinical Research at the University of Southern Denmark, SDU, FinlandUniversity of HelsinkiA collaborative study with the University of Helsinki, using data from over 5,900 pairs of Danish twins (Danish Twin Tattoo Cohort), revealed that tattoo ink not only remains on the skin but may also pose health risks. The following is a detailed explanation, including research methods, key findings, mechanistic analysis, and follow-up recommendations.
Research Background and Methods
- Research subjectsThis study focuses on Danish twins born between 1960 and 1996, totaling 2,367 randomly selected twins (cohort study) and 316 twins with cancer patients (case-control study). The advantage of the twin design is that it controls for differences in genetic and environmental factors, making tattoo exposure the primary variable.
- Source of informationThe Danish Twin Registry, combined with cancer registry data (NORDCAN system), tracks cancer incidence rates after age 20. Tattoo exposure is based on self-reported size (smaller than the palm, larger than the palm) and color (especially red ink).
- Research FocusDoes tattoo ink cause chronic inflammation, leading to skin cancer?MelanomaAn increased risk of non-melanoma or lymphoma (Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma). The study highlights the long-term effects of ink migration to lymph nodes.
This study continues previous findings: tattoo ink particles (10–100 nanometers in diameter) migrate through the lymphatic system, accumulate in lymph nodes, and trigger an immune response.
Key finding: Ink migration and cancer risk
Research confirms that tattoo ink not only remains at the injection site but also migrates and accumulates, increasing the risk of certain cancers. Here are the key data:
| Discover Project | Detailed description | Risk multiplier (relative risk) | source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ink migration | Ink particles enter the bloodstream from the skin and migrate to and accumulate in regional lymph nodes (especially with large tattoos). The lymph nodes perceive the ink as a foreign object, triggering a persistent immune response that can lead to chronic inflammation. | – | SDU Research |
| Skin cancer risk | People with tattoos have a higher incidence of skin cancer, especially those with large tattoos (> the size of a palm). Average time to diagnosis: 14 years. | 3.91 times (large tattoo) | Twin data analysis |
| Lymphoma risk | People with tattoos have a higher incidence of lymphoma (especially non-Hodgkin's lymphoma). Average time to diagnosis: 8 years. | 1.5–2 times (full tattoo) | Twin comparison |
| Red ink influence | Red ink did not show a significant increase in risk, but other colored inks may have a greater potential to cause cancer (further research is needed). | No significant difference | Preliminary analysis |
- Twin data advantagesA study comparing identical twins with and without tattoos (who share the same genetic makeup) found that those with tattoos had a significantly higher risk of cancer, after ruling out the influence of genetic factors.
- Cumulative effectThose with large or multiple tattoos are at higher risk, as the amount of ink accumulating over time can lead to lymph node dysfunction.
Potential Mechanism: Why Does Ink Migration Cause Cancer?
- Ink migration pathAfter injection, the ink particles are transported by macrophages into the bloodstream and lymphatic system, accumulating in lymph nodes (especially in the neck, armpits, and groin). Studies show that the ink can remain for decades, causing persistent low-grade inflammation.
- Immune responseLymph nodes perceive ink as a foreign object, activating immune cells. However, long-term exposure may lead to chronic inflammation and promote abnormal cell proliferation (cancer). This is similar to smoking or environmental toxins.
- Cancer typesSkin cancer can be caused by local inflammation due to ink residue; lymphoma can lead to systemic effects due to lymph node accumulation. The study emphasizes that the long latency period for cancer (8–14 years) means that the risks for young tattoo recipients will manifest in the future.
Research limitations and future directions
- limitAlthough the twin sample controlled for variables, the sample size was limited (5,900 pairs), making it impossible to prove a causal relationship (only a correlation). The effect of ink color is unclear, and more randomized controlled trials are needed.
- Future ResearchThis involves tracking the biological changes of ink in lymph nodes to assess the risks of laser texturing (potentially releasing more particles). The EU has pushed for ink safety regulations, which are expected to come into effect in 2026.
10 Common Tattoo FAQs
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Does getting a tattoo hurt? How long does the pain last?
It will hurt, but the pain level varies from person to person. Pain level: outer arm 4/10, ribs/sole of foot 9/10. The tattooing process feels like being scratched by a cat or getting sunburned. The most painful days are 2-3 days after completion, then it feels like sunburn from day 4-7, and after a week it's just itchy. In 2025, a painless gun + anesthetic patch can reduce pain (50%).
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Will tattoos fade? How often do I need a touch-up?
It will fade, but high-quality ink with proper care can maintain its vibrancy for 10–20 years. Black ink is the most durable, while colors (especially red/yellow) start to fade after 5–8 years. Japanese-style knitting is more resistant to fading than machine-made ink. It is recommended to touch up the ink every 5–10 years (teachers usually offer free or half-price touch-ups).
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Will getting a tattoo cause cancer or other health risks?
A 2025 Danish twin study showed that tattooed individuals have a slightly higher risk of skin and lymphoma (1.5–4 times higher) due to ink particles migrating to the lymph nodes and causing chronic inflammation. However, the risk remains lower than that of smoking or sun exposure. Choosing REACH-certified ink and working at a reputable clinic can significantly reduce this risk. Laser tattoo removal may also release particles, so caution is advised.
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Can tattoos be removed? Can they be completely removed?
Pico laser treatment can remove tattoos. With new technology available by 2025, an average of 5-10 sessions can lighten tattoos to 90% (TP3T or higher). Small tattoos may be completely removed, while large/colored tattoos usually leave a faint shadow. The pain is twice that of a tattoo, and the cost is NT$1,000-3,000 per square centimeter (TP4T).
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How long after getting a tattoo can I exercise/swim/sunbathe?
For the first two weeks, completely avoid strenuous exercise, swimming, hot springs, and sun exposure. Light exercise is permitted in the third and fourth weeks, but sun protection is still necessary. Avoid strenuous exercise that causes excessive sweating for one month. Sun exposure accelerates fading; lifelong sun protection is essential.
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Will getting a tattoo affect my job search or becoming a civil servant?
In 2025, Taiwanese civil servants, police officers, and military personnel will still be prohibited from displaying tattoos (they must cover them with long sleeves). Private companies are more lenient, and the technology and creative industries are almost unconcerned. It is recommended to get a tattoo in an easily concealable location (inner arm, back) for safety.
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What should I get for my first tattoo? And how big should it be?
For beginners, we recommend small tattoos (5-10cm), simple lines, or small designs (numbers, coordinates, small animals). Choose locations on the outer arm or shoulder blade (lower pain). Avoid getting names or couple images tattooed directly (high regret rate).
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What should I do if my tattoo gets infected? How can I prevent it?
Symptoms of infection: Redness, swelling, heat, and pain lasting more than a week, pus discharge, and fever. With proper disinfection and aftercare at a reputable clinic, the infection rate is less than 1%. Prevention: Choose a clinic registered with the Ministry of Health and Welfare; use rice paper and ointment for post-operative care; avoid scratching.
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What's the difference between colored tattoos and black ink?
Black ink is the most durable, least likely to cause allergies, and causes the least pain. Color inks (especially red/yellow) are prone to fading, have a high allergy rate of 5–101 TP3T, and cause a high pain rate of 201 TP3T. By 2025, the allergy rate of plant-based color inks will drop to below 21 TP3T.
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Will tattoos change shape with age (as you gain/lose/age)?
Yes, but the degree varies depending on the location. The abdomen/thighs are most prone to deformation, while the arms/back are more stable. Tattoos on bony prominences (such as the collarbone and shoulder blades) are the most durable and age-resistant. If the tattoo deforms due to weight gain, it can be corrected with color touch-ups; if it deforms due to weight loss, it usually has less impact.
Practical advice: Tattoo safety guide
- Choose ink:selectREACHCertified environmentally friendly inks that avoid red/yellow pigments (potential carcinogens).
- Tattoo sizeSmall tattoos carry lower risks; avoid large tattoos.
- Regular inspectionGet a skin/lymphatic check-up every year after getting a tattoo, especially if you have a large tattoo.
- Precautions for tattoo removalLaser treatment for facial lines may accelerate their migration; consult a doctor.
- High-risk groups:havecancerThose with family history should be cautious about their markings.
This study serves as a reminder that while tattoos can be aesthetically pleasing, the health risks must be weighed. For more details, please refer to the original paper (DOI: 10.1186/s12889-025-21413-3). If you have any concerns, it is recommended to consult a dermatologist.
Tattoos are a lifelong commitment; the pain is immediate, but the regret lasts a lifetime. Think it through, choose a good tattoo artist, and take good care of your skin to create a skin story you'll never regret.
Further reading:
